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O papel da Terapia Nutricional nos desfechos de pacientes críticos





Por: Guilherme Duprat

Guilherme Duprat Nutricionista, Especialista em Terapia Nutricional Parenteral e Enteral pela SBNPE; Doutor e Mestre em Nutrição Humana pela UnB


São crescentes as evidências de que a terapia nutricional (TN) pode influenciar em desfechos clínicos para pacientes críticos. Atualmente a rotina preconizada pelas diretrizes da Sociedade Europeia de Nutrição e Metabolismo (ESPEN)1 para estabelecer a oferta calórica na admissão da UTI é realizar um início lento, fazer o exame de calorimetria indireta (C.I) e ofertar 70% desse valor inicialmente. Isso pode ser evoluído para 80-100% com 3 dias a 1 semana de internação, onde não esta disponível a C.I, deve-se usar equações preditivas com cautela. Para a oferta proteica, preconiza-se realizar a mesma evolução lenta e progressiva (“ramp up”) e uma meta de 1.3 g de ptn/kgp. Essa estratégia visa principalmente evitar os males da hiper-alimentação no período inicial de terapia intensiva, que podem levar a hiperglicemia, supressão do processo de autofagia e risco de síndrome de realimentação. 23

Também é sabido que os pacientes críticos não recebem 100% da TN programada, mesmo que geralmente as UTIs tenham progressivos aumentos na adesão às boas práticas assistenciais e processos de acreditação. Isso pode ser explicado por razões evitáveis (falta de treinamento, atrasos, erros de administração, jejuns desnecessários e prolongados) como por razões inevitáveis (procedimentos, gravidade ou sintomas gastrointestinais)45, o que ainda é pouco explorado em estudos grandes. Para avaliar essa lacuna de conhecimento o estudo “EUROPN” visou estimar o impacto da TN recebida nos 15 primeiros dias em pacientes que ficaram ao menos 5 dias internados em UTIs. Para isso foi elaborado um desenho observacional e prospectivo em 77 UTIs de 11 países europeus com seguimento dos pacientes por até 90 dias após a internação.


População estudada e terapia nutricional recebida


Foram incluídos 1172 pacientes, media de idade de 66 anos e mediana de APACHE II de 18 pontos. Isso indica um público com idade considerada elevada e quadro clínico grave. Durante a internação foram recebidos cerca de 83% da meta calórica e 65% da meta proteica estipuladas pela ESPEN-191 (10 kcal/kg no D1, 15 kcal/kg no D2–D3, 20 kcal/kg no D4–D6, 25 kcal/kg no D7–D15. Oferta proteica de 0.6 g/kg no D1, 0.9 g/kg no D2–D3 e 1.3 g/kg no D4–D15).


Desfechos clínicos verificados


O recebimento de 10-20 kcal/kgp por dia no período inicial da internação foi associado significativamente ao desmame mais rápido da VM (HR máxima 4.59; IC 95%: 1.5-14.09) e também a melhor sobrevida (HR mínima 0.15; 95%CI: 0.05-0.39). O recebimento de 0.8-1.2 g ptn/kgp foi associado significativamente ao desmame mais rápido da VM (HR máxima 2.60; IC 95%: 1.09-6.23).


Pontos fortes do Estudo


Os pacientes são provenientes de diversos centros diferentes, receberam acompanhamento de até 90 dias e foram contabilizadas todas as fontes calóricas recebidas nos 15 dias propostos (Ex: dieta, propofol, glicose, citrato).


Limitações


A estimativa das necessidades energéticas foi feita com regra de bolso e não por C.I. Mesmo admitindo um número grande de pacientes, o tamanho amostral foi definido por viabilidade e não por uma estimativa do tamanho do efeito medido. Provavelmente os hospitais que concordaram em participar do estudo tem maior atenção com a TN do que hospitais fora da amostra, o que representa um viés de seleção. Não foram estudados os efeitos do recebimento de 25-30 kcal/kgp, pois o maior extrato era representado por pacientes que receberam > 20 kcal/kgp conforme a estratégia adotada e também o possível efeito dessa estratégia em subgrupos populacionais mais ou menos catabólicos como os queimados por exemplo.


Conclusões


O estudo mostra que não é fácil atingir as recomendações calóricas e proteicas para todos os pacientes com internação prolongada na UTI e que um oferta moderada de calorias (10-20 kcal/kgp) e proteínas (0.8 -1.2 g ptn/kg) podem influenciar positivamente desfechos clínicos.



Referências:

1. Singer, P. et al. ESPEN guideline on clinical nutrition in the intensive care unit. Clin. Nutr. 38, (2019).

2. Fraipont, V. & Preiser, J. C. Energy estimation and measurement in critically ill patients. JPEN J Parenter Enter. Nutr 37, 705–713 (2013).

3. Berger, M. M. Nutrition and Micronutrient Therapy in Critical Illness Should Be Individualized. JPEN. J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 44, 1380–1387 (2020).

4. Peev, M. P. et al. Causes and consequences of interrupted enteral nutrition: a prospective observational study in critically ill surgical patients. JPEN. J. Parenter. Enteral Nutr. 39, 21–27 (2015).

5. Singer, P. & Cohen, J. D. To implement guidelines: the (bad) example of protein administration in the ICU. JPEN J Parenter Enter. Nutr 37, 294–296 (2013).



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Dec 16, 2022

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